Much of Illawarra's indigenous Aboriginal art created during the more than 40,000 years prior to the white invasion of 1788 was fragile and ephemeral. It was usually in the form of water-based ochre and charcoal drawings upon earth, rock and the human body, or as engravings on stone or carving in trees. There is precious little of this art remaining apart from that which survives in sandstone caves or as rock engravings. In addition we have the records of visiting artists who put on paper or canvas aspects of local indigenous culture. For details of Aboriginal art sites in the Illawarra area reference should be made to the National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales Sites Register and individual site reports which contain detailed drawings and photographs. Photographs of Illawarra Aboriginal art sites are also held in local collections such as the Wollongong City Library, the Samuel Cocks Collection in the Wollongong University Archives, the Illawarra Historical Society Museum and the Tongarra Museum , Albion Park . For further images of the local Aboriginal people and their art refer to the following entries within the body of the catalogue:
J. Arago (1819) / L.A. de Sainson (1826) / Augustus Earle (1827) / J. Abbott (1828) / C. Rodius (1834) / T.L. Mitchell (1834) / W.H. Fernyhough (1836) / R.M. Westmacott (1837) / Abraham Lincolne (1840) / William McArthur (1840s) / William Nicholas (1840s) / J. Skinner Prout (1841) / J. Browne (1843) / Oswald Brierly (1843) / George French Angas (1845) / Mickey (Willie) the Cripple (1888) / B.E. Minns (1894)
References: Dovers (1983), Dutton (1974), France (1988), Organ (1990).
2.2 European & Australian Artists 1770 - 1840
1770
Sidney Parkinson (1745-1771)
Sydney Parkinson was a young draughtsman and artist aboard the bark Endeavour during Captain James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific. During the voyage he produced three profiles of the New South Wales coastline, including one of Illawarra. This was most likely taken whilst the Endeavour was anchored off Collins Point near Woonona during Cook's attempt to land there. Unfortunately Parkinson died at Batavia in 1771 during the return voyage to England .
1. Profile of the Illawarra coastline from Red Point to Brokers Nose. Taken from aboard the Endeavour, which was off Illawarra between Wednesday 25th and Saturday 28th April 1770 .
Pencil sketch, British Museum Add. MSS.9345. Illustrated Shaw (1970, frontispiece). Red Point is the modern day Hill 60 off Port Kembla, whilst Brokers Nose is to the north behind the town of Corrimal . References: Beale (1968), Shaw (1970), Kerr (1992).
1812
George William Evans (1780-1852)
George Evans was an explorer, surveyor and artist who travelled overland from Jervis Bay to Appin, via Wollongong , in April 1812. He kept a journal of the expedition and therein records taking sketches of the Illawarra. Unfortunately none of these have been identified. References: McDonald (1979), Kerr (1992), Weatherburn (1987).
1816
Sophia Campbell (1777-1833)
Sophia Campbell was the wife of Robert Campbell, the famous merchant of Sydney Cove. She appears to have visited Illawarra in 1816, the year in which the first land grants in the district were issued. Her depiction of Five Islands with Aborigines and lightning is especially lively. Her sketchbooks are housed in the National Library, though the Illawarra images are in private family collections. References: Kerr & Falkus (1980), Kerr (1992), Ritchie (1987).
1. Mountain and river landscape, possibly Illawarra
W/C Private collection, England. Illustrated Kerr & Falkus (1980, 39).
2. View of Illawarra
Sepia wash Private collection, England. Illustrated Kerr & Falkus (1980, 40).
3. Five Islands with Aborigines and lightning
W/C Private collection, England. Illustrated Kerr & Falkus (1980, 41).
4. Five Islands
W/C Private collection, England. Illustrated Kerr & Falkus (1980, 48).
1819
Jacques Arago (1790-1855)
Jacques Arago was artist and journal keeper aboard the French scientific expedition under Louis de Freycinet which visited Sydney between 18 November and 25 December 1819 . A sketch of the Aboriginal man Timbere (or Timbery), a member of the Five Island Tribe, was taken at Botany Bay, and later lithographed for inclusion in the account of the voyage published in 1823. Reference: McCulloch (1968), Kerr (1992), Nugent (1988).
1. Timbere. Nlle. Hollande
Charcoal on paper, 8.5 x 5cm. Mitchell Library. Illustrated Sothebys (October 1987, 148, b/w).
2. Timbere
Lithograph, Mitchell Library. Illustrated Nugent (1988, 4).
c1820
Joseph Lycett (1774-1825)
Joseph Lycett was a convict artist who produced a series of highly detailed watercolours during his residence in the Colony between 1814-22. A number of these were reproduced as the series of aquatint Views in Australia (1824-5) upon his return to England . The following Illawarra watercolour was not aquatinted. The actual locality of the 'Illawarra River' is unknown - it is possibly the Wingecarribee or Wollondilly rivers, on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, or the Shoalhaven River . This view may have been based upon one taken by the explorer / artist G.W. Evans referred to above. Evans had travelled extensively throughout New South Wales with surveyor Oxley and alone, and Lycett is known to have copied some of his sketches for the series of aquatints. References: McCulloch (1968), Moore (1934), Campbell (1983), Kerr (1992).
1. View on the Illawarra River about 80 miles from Sydney , New South Wales
W/C 34.7 x 49.8 DGD1 f.6. Illustrated Gleeson (1976, 40, colour); Splatt & Bruce (1986, 15, colour).
1826
Louis Auguste de Sainson (1801-1887)
Louis Auguste de Sainson was official artist with the French Astrolabe Expedition of 1826-29, under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville. The Expedition sailed along the southern coast of New Holland from Western Australia to Port Jackson between October and December 1826, entering Jervis Bay on the New South Wales south coast during November. The following images are based upon sketches recorded during this visit, and subsequently published by the French Government between 1830-4 and in Germany during 1836. Only one original watercolour is known. References: Moore (1934), McCulloch (1968), Dutton (1974), Flower (1975), Smith (1985), Campbell (1989), Organ (1990), Kerr (1992).
1. Nouvelle Hollande Naturals de la Baie Jervis [New Holland Aborigines from Jervis Bay ]
Lithograph 25.5 x 19. Part of Plate 12, Dumont D'Urville, Voyage de la Corvette l'Astrolabe, Historie, Atlas I, Paris, 1830-4.This plate depicts a group of three King George's Sound native in the left half of the picture, whilst three from Jervis Bay are to the right. The Western Australian natives are clothed in animal skins, whilst those from Jervis Bay are variously naked or in European apparel, such as jackets. The latter are also holding fish.
2. Cabanes de la baie Jervis (6 pieds de haut) [Native Huts of Jervis Bay (6 people per hut)]
Lithograph 25.5 x 19. Part of Plate 18. This plate depicts views of four native huts - two from New Holland and two from New Zealand, with the Jervis Bay hut to the top right.
3. Ile boswen a l'entree de Baie Jervis [The boat at the entrance to Jervis Bay ]
Lithograph 19 x 28.8. Plate 24. A full side view of the Astrolabe under sail off Jervis Bay , heading north towards Sydney .
4. [The Astrolabe moored in Jervis Bay ]
Lithograph 25.5 x 19. Plate 25. View of the Astrolabe moored in Jervis Bay , with some natives appearing on the shore.
5. Baie Jervis, Nouvelle Holland (Les marins de L'Astrolabe partagent leur peche avec les Naturals) [ Jervis Bay , New Holland. The sailors of the Astrolabe sharing their catch of fish with the Aborigines]
Lithograph 19.4 x 29.3. Plate 34. Illustrated Dutton, 1974, plate 37, b/w; Flower, 1975, p91, b/w; Dutton, 1985, p11, b/w. Described in detail in Organ (1990).
6. [Native Weapons and Artefacts of New Holland and New Zealand ]
Lithograph 25.5 x 19. Plate 36. Includes drawings of Aboriginal artefacts from Jervis Bay .
7. Die Matrosen des Astrolabs theilen ihren fischfang mit den Eingebornen [Members of the crew of the Astrolabe sharing their fish with the natives]
Lithograph. Plate 8 from a German edition which was published by Schaffhausen in 1836.
8. Natives of King George's Sound, and of Jervis Bay
Lithograph. Plate 5 from the German edition which was published by Schaffhausen in 1836.
9. Pirogue de la Baie Jervis, Nouvelle Holland par Paris . [View of Jervis Bay , New Holland ]
Colour sketch 25 x 35 Res. S.G. fol 4, no.22. Societe de Geographie, Paris.
1827
Augustus Earle (1793-1838)
Augustus Earle arrived in Sydney from Hobart on 31 October 1825 and visited Illawarra during April-May of 1827, travelling as far south as Kiama. His entry to Illawarra was via the old Mountain Road , near present-day Bulli Pass. Halfway down the mountain he sketched the scene recorded in the watercolour A bivouack, daybreak, on the Illawarra mountains. During his visit Earle was obviously impressed by the lush, semi-tropical Illawarra forest and the rugged coastline, producing a number of small watercolours of his journey. Earle and his fellow travellers - making a party of seven - after descending the mountain at Bulli, rode south along the beaches and through the Illawarra bush to a Mr Cowell's farm near Kiama. At Kiama Earle produced a view looking north from Mr Cowell's farm, along the coast towards Wollongong . Whilst returning to Sydney from Illawarra, Earle fell off his horse near Appin and broke his leg. During his period of recuperation at Appin he wrote a doggerel verse briefly describing his Illawarra trip. Perhaps it was also during this interlude that he completed the series of small watercolours with an Illawarra theme. All National Library of Australia works cited below are illustrated in black and white in Hackforth-Jones (1980). References: McCulloch (1968), McDonald (1979), Hackforth-Jones (1980), Kerr (1992).
1 Cabbage Tree Forest , Illawarra , New South Wales [1827]
W/C 25.7 x 17.1 NLA NK12/37. Illustrated Gleeson (1976, 45, colour); McDonald (1979, b/w); Jones (1988, 29, colour); Ritchie (1989, 98, colour).
2. Cabbage Tree Forest , Illawarra , New South Wales [1827]
W/C 25.7 x 17.1 NLA NK12/38. Illustrated Ritchie (1989, 33, colour).3. A Bivouac in New South Wales , daybreaking [1827]
W/C 25.7 x 17.1 NLA NK12/39. Illustrated McDonald (1979, b/w); France (1988, colour); Ritchie (1989, 69, colour).
4. The Hollow Tree on the Illawarra Mountains , New South Wales [1827]
W/C 25.7 x 17.1 NLA NK12/40. Illustrated McDonald, 1979, b/w.
5. Mr Cowell's Farm on the Coast, 60 miles South of Sidney [1827]
W/C 15.6 x 25.7 NLA NK12/44.
6. View on the Coast of New South Wales - Illawarra [1827]
W/C 17.5 x 25.7 NLA NK12/46
7. Scene on the Coast of New South Wales - Illawarra [1827]
W/C 117.1 x 26 NLA NK12/48
8. Skirmish between Bushrangers and Constables, Illawarra [1827]
W/C 17.2 x 26 NLA NK12/49. Illustrated McDonald, 1979, b/w; Dovers, 1983, p31, colour.
9. Curious Rocks and Natural Baths, New South Wales [1827]
W/C 17.8 x 26.3 NLA NK12/50
10. Five Islands, off the coast of Illawarra , N.S.W. [1827]
W/C 18 x 53 ML PXD265 f.9
11. Illawarra, N.S.Wales [1827]
W/C 17.3 x 25.5 ML PXD265 f.10
12. The Five Islands District, Illawarra, N.S.Wales [1827]
W/C 28 x 54 ML PXD265 f.11
13. A Bivouac of Travellers in Australia , in a Cabbage Tree Forest , Daybreak [c1838]
Oil 118 x 82 NLA NK14. Illustrated Gleeson, 1976, p44, colour; Ritchie, 1989, p68, colour.
1828
John Abbott (1803-1875)
1. The Boat Harbour of Woollooderra [Ulladulla], as seen from the S.W. 1828
W/C 13.9 x 19 ML. Illustrated Kerr (1992, 3).
1828
Thomas Florance (c1783-1867)
Florance was a government surveyor who worked in the Ulladulla area during 1827-8. His survey books also include drawings. Reference: Turnbull et al. (1972), Kerr (1992).
1. Ulladulla 1828
Pencil sketch, Archives Office of New South Wales.
1829
William Romain Govett (1807-1848)
Surveyor and artist. Govett was working in the Stanwell Park area of northern Illawarra in April 1829, though no specific Illawarra artworks by him have yet been identified. References: ADB (1969), Kerr (1992), Mitchell Library.
1829-30
Robert Hoddle (1794-1881)
Robert Hoddle was a surveyor by profession, initially employed as an assistant to T.L. Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales . When he fell into disfavour with Mitchell he moved to Melbourne , where he was to become involved in the survey of the streets of Melbourne and amassed a small fortune as a real estate agent there in the 1840s and 50s. Hoddle worked on the surveying and construction of the Kiama to Bong Bong Road during 1829-30, and it was during this period that the four works listed below were produced. Hoddle was most proficient in the use of watercolour - his view of Pumpkin Cottage, Illawarra has been reproduced numerous times in both art and general history books as a typical example of a settler's cottage of the 1820s and 30s. References: ADB (1969), McCulloch (1977), Kerr (1992), Shar Jones (1988).
1. Near the source of the Clyde River , Batemans Bay 1829
P 17.3 x 46 ML PX*D319 f.11
2. Pumpkin Cottage, Illawarra, the first family residence of Henry Osborn in NSW 1830
W/C 29.4 x 39.4 ML PX*D319 f.8. Illustrated Jones, 1988, p17, colour.
3. En route to Kiama (Illawarra) from Bong Bong
W/C 21.2 x 28.5 ML PX*D319 f.9
4. Near Bulli, Illawarra
W/C 20.6 x 27.4 ML PX*D319 f.14
5. Shoalhaven Gullies
W/C Leonard Joel July 1994.
1834-43
Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (1792-1855)
Mitchell was Surveyor General of the Colony, explorer, writer, and artist. He visited Illawarra in 1834 to supervise the survey of the town of Wollongong , and in 1843 when the road from Illawarra to Sydney was being constructed. His pencil sketch Wollongong from Flagstaff Point is the earliest extant view of the burgeoning town of Wollongong . Reference: McDonald (1979), Kerr (1992).
1. Wollongong from Flagstaff Point, 1834
Pencil sketch, Mitchell Library?
2. Johnny Crook, (Punbai Native Name) Five Islands 1843
P 27.5 x 22.5 ML PXA74 f.5
1834
Charles Rodius (1802-1860)
Charles Rodius arrived in Sydney as a convict in 1829. He received his Ticket of Leave in 1834 and became an art teacher from that point on. His first publication was a series of lithographs entitled Portraits of Aboriginal Kings (J.G. Austin, Sydney, 1834). Neddy Nora, Shoalhaven, 1834 is from that collection. It appears that Rodius took portraits of Illawarra Aborigines in Sydney , and did not actually visit the area. Rodius' portraits of the Aborigines display both their natural dignity and subsequent degradation by white civilisation. References: McCulloch (1968), Dutton (1974), Buscombe (1978), Kerr (1992).
1. Waglay, Shoalhaven Tribe (profile)
P & Charcoal 18.4 x 13.6 DL Pd41
2. Sangrado, Pilot of Shoalhaven August 1834 Sydney N.S.W.
P & Charcoal 26.7 x 18.7 DL Pd45
3. Morirang, the Lady of Sangrado - Pilot of Shoalhaven. Chs. Rodius del Sydney August 1834
P & Charcoal 19 x 26.4 DL Pd46
4. Neddy Nora, Shoalhaven Ch. Rodius Sydney 1834
Lithograph 28.9 x 22.5 DL Pd25. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p212.1, b/w; McAndrew, 1990, p34.
5. Tooban, wife of the Chief of the Shoalhaven 1837
Crayon NLA R7405
6 Tooban, Ginn or Wife of the Chief of Shoalhaven Tribe
Lithograph 28.9 x 22.5 DL Pd22. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p213.3, b/w.
7. Morirang, Shoalhaven Tribe, N.S.Wales 1834
Lithograph 28.6 x 22.5 DL Pd23. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p212; McAndrew, 1990, b/w.
8. a. Culaba, Five Islands Tribe / b. Profile of Culaba / c. Punch, Ginn of Culaba, Broken Bay Tribe
Lithograph 24.9 x 29.9 DL Pd28. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p213.1, b/w.
9. Nunberri, Chief of the Nunnerahs 1834
Lithograph 28.6 x 22.5 DL Pd20. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p212.1, b/w; McAndrew, 1990, b/w.
10. Nambre, Shoalhaven Tribe
Crayon NLA R7407
1835-77
Conrad Martens (1801-1878)
Conrad Martens was a professional artist when he arrived in Sydney in April 1835, following 12 months sailing around South America aboard the HMS Beagle with Captain Robert FitzRoy and Charles Darwin. He visited Illawarra for approximately ten days shortly thereafter in July, possibly as the result of a commission from Governor Richard Bourke. Following this trip he continued to execute works based on Illawarra scenes throughout his working life, up until 1877, a year before his death. He also made a visit to Coolangatta, the property near Nowra of his friend Alexander Berry, in 1860. All told, 97 works of Illawarra scenes by Martens are known. They include watercolours, oils, pencil and wash sketches, lithographs, and an etching. The following listing is divided into Pencil Sketches, Watercolours, Oils and Prints (for Illawarra), and the Coolangatta Group of the 1860s. Refer M. Organ (1987) for a detailed description of each of Martens' Illawarra works and their localities. References: Lindsay (1968), McCulloch (1968), Gleeson (1976), Pearce (1979), Dundas (1979), France (1988), Ritchie (1989), Edwards & Gowing (1989), Kerr (1992), De Vries-Evans (1993).
Pencil Sketches
1. View of Five Islands and Hat Hill Illawarra, July 7th/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.7
2. At Illawarra, July 8/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
3. Boat Harbour , Wollongong , July 8th/35
P 19 x 29.8 ML C295 f.42
4. Beach Scene at Illawarra, July 8th/35
P 19.1 x 30.4 ML PX*D307-1 f.4
5. At Illawarra, July 8/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
6. View at Illawarra - Tom Thumbs Lagoon. July 8/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
7. Wollongong Point, looking North, July 8th/35
P 20 x 30 ML PX*D307-1 f.5
8. Hat Hill from Wollongong Point, July 8th/35
P 19.4 x 30.1 ML PX*D307-1 f.3
9. Tom Thumbs Lagoon, July 9th/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.8
10. Lake at Illawarra, July 9/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.9
11. Lake at Illawarra, July 9/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.10
12. The Arum at Illawarra, July 10/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
13. Palms, Ferns, etc, Illawarra. July 10/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
14. Nettle Tree & Cabbage Palms, etc. July 11th/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
15. Fig Tree at Illawarra, July 11/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
16. Lake Scene , Illawarra, July 12/35
P 20.4 x 30 ML PXC295 f.51
17. Dapto, Illawarra, July 12th/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.11
18. Cabbage tree & Stedmania. July 12
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
19. Para (Bara) Creek, July 13/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
20. Terrys Johnsons Meadows, July 13/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.12
21. The Brush at Illawarra - Mullet Creek, July 14/35
P 18.8 x 29.2 ML PXC296 f.32
22. Terrys Meadows, July 14/35
P 20 x 30 DL PX24 f.13
23. Johnsons Meadows, July 14/35
P 19.7 x 30.1 ML PXC295 f.94
24. Nettle Tree, July 14/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
25. Fern Tree, Illawarra, July 16/35
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
26. View of Lake Illawarra
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
27. Lake at Illawarra
P ML PXB6 f.89
28. Bangala or Seaforthia. Elegans
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389 f.13
29. Crimsen or Lilly, Illawarra
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
30. Flower study
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
31. Figtree and Seaforthia Palms, Illawarra
P 19 x 28.5 Christies 10/77
32. Cabbage Tree
P 14 x 21.7 ML PXC391
33. Aborigine
P 12 x 18.9 ML PXC389
Works in Oil
34. Illawarra Lake 1843
Oil 44.5 x 63.5 Private. Illustrated Dundas , 1979, p45, colour; Pearce, 1979, colour. View of Lake Illawarra from the Escarpment.
35. Illawarra, 1848
Oil 74 x 62 DG165. Illustrated Dundas , 1979, p71, b/w; Ritchie, 1989, p21. View of the Illawarra rainforest.
36. Lake Landscape , Illawarra 1848
Oil 54.1 x 65.8 Private. View of Lake Illawarra and Hooka Island .
37. Lake Illawarra
Oil Private
Watercolour & Wash
38. Boat Harbour , Wollongong 1835
W/C 28 x 40.5 WCG. Illustrated Christies, September 1984, b/w.
39. Lake Illawarra 1835
W/C 47 x 68 DL31. Illustrated Ritchie, 1989, p79, colour.
40. Barco Creek, 1835
W/C 24.4 x 34.7 Private. Illustrated Lindsay, 1968, plate 29, colour; Pearce, 1979.
41. The Five Islands , South Coast , 1836
W/C 45.8 x 65.2 Camden Park. Illustrated Lindsay, 1968, plate 10, colour.
42. Mount Kembla and Mount Keira from the South Coast Road c1837
W/C 24.3 x 37.7 DGD11 f.9. Illustrated Lindsay, 1968, plate 32, colour.
43. Illawarra District 1837
W/C 31.6 x 47.2 Christies 3/69. Illustrated Christies, March 1969.
44. South Coast Scene 1842
W/C 16 x 24 Private
45. Lake Illawarra , 1844
W/C 47.2 x 64.8 Christies 3/72. Illustrated Christies, March 1972, b/w.
46. View of Dapto 1845
W/C Private
47. View of Illawarra from Dapto 1845
W/C 22 x 31.8 Ervin
48. Avondale and Mount Marshall
W/C 45.8 x 61.1 ANG. Illustrated France , 1988, colour.
49. Illawarra
W/C 29.5 x 45 AGNSW
50 Illawarra
W/C 20.5 x 32.5 AGNSW
51. Illawarra
W/C 29.7 x 45.3 AGNSW
52. The Illawarra Road
W/C 27 x 31 Christies 3/77
53. Near Wollongong
W/C 10.5 x 21.5 Christies /85
54. Camp Site at Night
W/C 30 x 26 Private. Illustrated Christies, April 1987, b/w.
55. The Five Islands , NSW Coast
W/C 44 x 64 Grey 11/73
56. The Illawarra Road
W/C 31 x 27 Grey 3/78
57. View from Mount Keira
W/C 45.4 x 64.1 DG45
58. Lake Illawarra
W/C 26 x 34 DGD7 f.3
59. Beach Scene
W/C 16.1 x 27.9 DGD8 f.6
60. Landscape
W/C 13.6 x 20.8 DGD8 f.7
61. Landscape
W/C 14 x 21 DGD9 f.8
62. Coastal Scene
W/C 14.6 x 22.7 DGD10 f.1
63. Coastal Scene
W/C 20.3 x 26.7 DG*D19 f.2
64. Country Scene
W/C 20.3 x 26.7 DG*D19 f.3
65. Coastal Scene
W/C 19 x 26 DG*D19 f.4
66. Mountain Scene
W/C 19 x 30 DG*D19 f.10
67. Mountain Scene
W/C 24 x 33 DG*D19 f.11
68. Barco [Para] Creek , New South Wales
W/C 23 x 33.5 DG*D19 f.14
69. Coastal Scene
W/C 18.5 x 26.1 DL PX27 f.19
70. Coastal or Lake Scene
W/C 14 x 22 DL PX27 f.37
71. Lake at Illawarra
W/C 18.3 x 25.3 DL PX28 f.23
72. [Illawarra]
W/C 15.8 x 27.8 DL PXX11 f.6
73. Mountain Scene
W/C 14 x 23 DL PXX12 f.15
74. Station [Dapto, Illawarra]
W/C 46.7 x 66.6 ML V*SpColl/Martens/44
75. [? Mount Keira ]
W/C 21.6 x 14 ML PXC292-2 f.11
76. Illawarra Lake
W/C 8 x 25 ML PXC292-2 f.15
77. Lake at Illawarra
W/C 20 x 31 ML PXC296 f.15
78. Landscape showing a lake and mountains
W/C ML PX*D307-2 f.3
79. Bushland Scene, possibly in the Illawarra district
W/C & P 20.3 x 30.5 ML PX*D307-8 f.4
80. Illawarra District
W/C 19.3 x 29.7 ML V*SpColl/Martens/3a
81. The Lakes Illawarra 1850
W/C DL PXX30 f.4a
82. The Lakes Illawarra 1850
W/C DL PXX30 f.5a
83. Mullet Creek, Illawarra 1853
W/C Private. Illustrated Ritchie, 1989, p86, colour.
Prints
84. Bush Scene, Illawarra [1850]
Lithograph ML V*SpColl/Martens/17. Illustrated Ritchie, 1989, p11, b/w.
85. Bush Scene, Illawarra
Etching ML
Coolangatta Group, 1860
86. Coolangatta Mountain 1860
Oil 61 x 89 Private. Illustrated Pearce, 1979, b/w.
87. Tower near Coolangatta 1860
W/C 37.7 x 28.2 Private. Illustrated Dundas , 1979, p80, b/w; Pearce, 1979.
88. Shoalhaven Valley 1861
W/C 45.7 x 65.8 AGNSW
89. Shoalhaven from Saddleback
P & W/C 30 x 48.5 Private
90. Wollongong from on board the Steamer, 11 April 1860
P DL PX17 f.18
91. Kiama from the Steamer, 11 April 1860
P DL PX17 f.20
92. At Kiama, 11 April 1860
P DL PX17 f.19
93. Coolangatta from the sea, April 11 1860
P DL PX17 f.21
94. Coolangatta, Sat. April 14, 1860
P 29 x 46.5 Private. Illustrated Pearce, 1979.
95. Coolangatta, 16 April 1860 , Monday
P 23.9 x 44.1 DL PXX12 f.1
96. From Coolangatta, Shoalhaven River
P 28.5 x 45.6 Private. Illustrated Pearce, 1979.
97. Coolangatta Mountain 1874
P Private
1835
? Cornelius O'Brien (1796-1869)
Cornelius O'Brien was one of the first white settlers at Illawarra, working as superintendent of Merchant Browne's property at Yallah from about 1816, and setting up his own farm and whaling station at Bulli around 1818. He lived at Bulli until 1837 when he sold out to Captain Westmacott and moved to Yass. A portrait of O'Brien and view of his house at Bulli in 1835 are known to this author, however their localities and responsible artists have not been identified. References: Browne (1976).
1. House at Bulli, Home of Cornelius O'Brien 1835
W/C ML
2. Portrait of Cornelius O'Brien
Oil on canvas, Private collection. Illustrated Browne, 1976, b/w.
1836
William Henry Fernyhough (1812-1849)
W.H. Fernyhough was a professional surveyor and architect, assistant to Surveyor General T.L. Mitchell. His published works included Twelve Portraits of Aborigines of New South Wales (J.G. Austin, Sydney, 1836) from which the print is taken. Fernyhough saw the Aborigines as a "subject for ridicule" and not as examples of "the noble savage", an image popular in the early nineteenth century. Refer also to Charles Rodius (1834) and William Nicholas (1840s) for contemporary portraits of New South Wales Aborigines. References: McCulloch (1968), Dutton (1974), Buscombe (1978), Kerr (1992), Smith (1985).
1. Bill Worrell, Five Islands Tribe
Lithograph 28.3 x 22.3 ML PXA615 f.35
1836
James Backhouse (1794-1869)
Quaker minister, botanist, and sketcher. Backhouse visited Illawarra and Shoalhaven in September-October 1836, and Jervis Bay in 1837, all the while keeping a journal into which he drew sketches of local flora and also diagrams of the implements used by the local Aborigines. Some of these sketches were reproduced in the published account (1836) of his Australian travels. References: ADB (1979), Beale et al. (1990), Kerr (1992), Mitchell Library.
1836-37
Edward Baker Boulton ( -1895)
E.B. Boulton, artist and settler, is known to have visited Illawarra during 1836-7. He was a good friend of Georgiana Lowe who also sketched in Illawarra between 1843-49, though no Illawarra works are known to the author. References: Kerr (1992), McDonald & Pearce (1988).
1837-48
Captain Robert Marsh Westmacott (1801-1870)
Captain Westmacott arrived in Sydney in December 1831, as Aid-de-camp to Governor Richard Bourke. After travelling widely throughout New South Wales in company with the Governor, Westmacott decided to settled in Illawarra in 1837 when Bourke returned to England . Westmacott was a prominent member of the local community until his return to England in 1847. Though his residence was at Bulli, in northern Illawarra, he travelled widely throughout the region, producing numerous small watercolours, wash drawings, and pencil sketches of the district. Many of his works depict the local Aborigines and aspects of their life - including their method of fishing in creeks, climbing trees to catch possum, and their clothing, implements, and ceremonial attire. Westmacott also published two series of lithographs (in 1838 and 1848) both containing view of Illawarra. His print Illawarra Lake [1838] was the first published view of the district. Refer M. Organ (1988) for a more detailed description of each work. References: Moore (1934), McCulloch (1968), Henderson (1983), Organ (1986, 1988), Wantrup (1987), France (1988), Kerr (1992).
1. Wollongong from the Stockade, April 20th, 1840
W/C 19.3 x 32 NLA. Illustrated Henderson , 1983, p85, b/w.
2. Terragong swamp
W/C & P 17.8 x 24.7 NLA NK762/2
3. Looking across Lake Illawarra
W/C 17.9 x 23.7 NLA NK762/3
4. Valley of Jamberoo , NSW
W/C & P 25.7 x 26.8 NLA NK762
5. View from Mt Therry
W/C & P 17.7 x 23.7 NLA NK762/5
6. Valley on Illawarra - Sydney road
W/C 13.9 x 22.6 NLA NK762/7
7. My cottage, Woodlands, Illawarra
W/C 23.8 x 26.7 NLA NK762/11
8. Coast View north of Kiama
W/C 16.3 x 24.4 NLA NK762/12
9. Coal Cliffs, Illawarra
W/C 9.7 x 26.1 NLA NK762/14
10. Coal Cliffs, Co. Cumberland
W/C 26.6 x 23.7 NLA NK762/16
11. Bulli, Illawarra
W/C 13.9 x 22.7 NLA NK762/20
12. Bulli, from the Coal Cliffs
W/C 20.8 x 26.6 NLA NK762/22
13. Kangaroo Valley , Illawarra
W/C & P 9.5 x 13.3 NLA NK762/23
14. Waterfall near Curramore
W/C & P 20.8 x 20.7 NLA NK762/25
15. Near the Waranora River
W/C 14.1 x 23 NLA NK762/26
16. Entrance to " Illawarra Lake " from the sea. Pass to Berrima, Kembla, Keira
W/C 23.7 x 24 NLA NK762/27
17. View in the Kangaroo Valley showing the manner the natives climb the trees for oppossums and bandicoots
W/C 15 x 24.5 NLA NK762/30
18. Bulli, Illawarra, N.S.Wales, my cottage
W/C 22.4 x 43.2 DL PX53 f.4. Illustrated Henderson , 1983, p67, b/w.
19. Tom Thumbs Lagoon, Illawarra The Five Islands
P & W/C 17.3 x 26.2 DL PX53 f.15
20. Menzies Falls , Illawarra
W/C & SW 18.5 x 18 ML PXA1760 f.24
21. On the Coast, near Stanwell Park
SW 9.5 x 25.2 ML PXA1760 f.20
22. The Blow Hole at Kiama, Illawarra - an exhausted crater. The swell of the sea washes through an aperature walled by very beautiful basaltic columns running inland about 1/4 Mile, and dashes against the sides of the crater.
P & SW 23.7 x 25.4 DL PX53 f.12
23. Waterfall on the coast at Wattamolle, about 600 feet
P & SW 12.5 x 25.7 ML PXA1760 f.15
24. Marombet River , Twofold Bay ( Bedouin Mountain 4000ft)
P & W/C 11.5 x 40.7 DL PX53 f.4b
25. Twofold Bay. Boyd Town. Anchorage from the North for Men of War. Sheltered from S.E.
P & W/C 8.9 x 45.8 DL PX53 f.6
26. Mountain Pass from Jamberoo to Bong Bong, Illawarra
P & W/C ML
27. Green Point and Five Islands
P 23.7 x 26.7 ML PXA1760 f.8
28. Woronora Creek, Illawarra. Mountains in the distance
P 14.3 x 23.3 ML PXA1760 f.13
29. Bulli Bay on the Coast
P 14.2 x 23.3 ML PXA1760 f.18
30. Illawarra Lake
P 17.3 x 27 DL PX53 f.16
31. Para Creek, Illawarra Mount Kembla
P & SW 11 x 16.6 DL PX53 f.19a
32. Mount Keera Belambi NSW
P & SW 11 x 13.1 DL PX53 f.25
33. Dapto Creek, Illawarra
P 18.2 x 24.6 ML PXA1760 f.3. Illustrated Ritchie, 1989, p118.
34. Kiama
P 18.3 x 23.6 ML PXA1760 f.4
35. Jervis Bay , the East Coast. N.S.Wales a Fine Harbour
SW 15.3 x 23.2 DL PX53 f.28
36. Kiaa River , Twofold Bay
SW 13.2 x 21 ML PXA1760 f.16
37. View from the Maneroo Mountains , looking on the valley through which the Kaia River flows
SW 11.5 x 17.3 DL PX53 f.10
38. Jiggama River - NSW on East Coast
P & W/C 15.3 x 24.2 DL PX53 f.
39. Mountain Pass from Jamberoo to Bong Bong, Illawarra NSW
P 22.4 x 22.4 DL PX53 f.7
40. Waniora River, Co. Cook, N.S.W.
P 14.3 x 23.3 ML PXA1760 f.26
41. Huts of the Natives
SW & W/C 10.2 x 21.4 ML PXA1760 f.30
42. Natives
W/C 23.7 x 21.4 ML PXA1760 f.31
43. The Bourke Falls, Illawarra , New South Wales [1838]
Lithograph 20 x 28.7 ML. Illustrated Mitchell & Sherington, 1984, p10.
44. Illawarra Lake [1838]
Lithograph 20 x 28.7 ML. Illustrated Mitchell & Sherington, 1984, p10.
45. View from Bourke's Pass, on the Manero Range , New South Wales [1838]
Lithograph 20 x 28.7 ML
46. Blowhole, Kiama [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS
47. Valley of Jamberoo [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS. Illustrated Henderson, 1983, p106; Mitchell & Sherington, 1984, p10.
48. Mountain Pass , from Jamberoo to Bong Bong [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS
49. Johnstone Plains & Five Islands from the Green Mountain [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS
50. Condons Creek [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS. Bass Point, Shellharbour.
51. Jarvis Bay [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS
52. The Jiggama River, near Pambula [1848]
Lithograph 21 x 25.4 IHS
53. View from O'Brien's Pass, Illawarra [1848]
Lithograph 7.8 x 11.8 IHS
1839-40
Reverend W.B. Clarke (1798-1878)
Scientist and parson. Clarke recorded a number of pencil sketches of geological scenes in his diary whilst journeying through Illawarra with James Dwight Dana, the American geologist, in December 1839 - January 1840. These rough pencil and ink sketches include views of the Kiama Blowhole and a log cabin in Kangaroo Valley . References: Kerr (1992), Mitchell Library - W.B. Clarke Papers (MSS139).
1839-40
James Dwight Dana (1813-1895)
J.D. Dana was geologist for the United States Exploring Expedition which visited New South Wales in 1839-40. Dana visited Illawarra in December 1939 - January 1840, accompanied by Reverend W.B. Clarke and other members of the Expedition. He sketched a number of geological features of Illawarra, including the Kiama Blowhole and a coastal profile from Red Head near Kiama, to Bulli in the north. Sketches were reproduced as engravings in his 1849 work on Geology, being Volume X of Wilkes Narrative. References: Viola & Margolis (1986), Kerr (1992).
1. Basaltic rocks, 2 miles N. of Kiama, Illawarra
P & W/C Smithsonian Institute
2. Basaltic columns at Kiama in Illawarra, N.S.W.
P Smithsonian Institute
3. From 2nd Cliff S of Kiama
P Smithsonian Institute
4. Wollongong Sandstone
P Smithsonian Institute
5. Geological Profile and Coastal Sections of Cliffs - Black Head to Bulli
P Smithsonian Institute
6. Geological map of the Illawarra district 1839-40
P, Ink & W/C Smithsonian Institute. Illustrated Viola & Margolis,(1986).
1839-40
Alfred T. Agate (1812-1846)
Alfred T. Agate was one of the official artists (along with Joseph Drayton) of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-42, under Captain Charles Wilkes. Members of the Expedition visited Illawarra early in January 1840, including the geologist J.D. Dana referred to above. They were accompanied for a period by geologist, the Reverend W.B. Clarke. The engravings after Agate were published in the five volume Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition ( Philadelphia , 1844). References: Viola & Margolis (1986), Kerr (1992).
1. Corrobory Dance
Engraving 17.7 x 11.9 Wilkes 1844, p188. Engraved by E.G. Dunnel
2. Forest , Illawarra, N.S.W.
Engraving 17.7 x 11.9 Wilkes 1844, p241. Engraved by J.A. Rolph. Illustrated Ritchie, 1989, p13.
3. Settler's Cottage, N.S.Wales
Engraving Wilkes 1844, p261. Engraved by W.H. Ellis
4. Daisy Bank
Woodcut engraving Wilkes 1844, p277. Engraved by R.H. Pease.
1839-40
John & Elizabeth Gould (1804-1881; 1804-1841)
The Goulds were natural history artists and ornithologists who visited Illawarra during 1839-40 and sketched some of the local fauna for inclusion in their subsequent publications on the animals and birds of Australia . References: Kerr (1992).
1840s
William Nicholas (1809-1854)
William Nicholas was born in England and arrived in Sydney in February 1836 after serving as an apprentice engraver and lithographer. Initially he was engaged in the local production of prints, however he later took to painting portraits in oil and watercolour. During the 1840s Nicholas produced a number of portraits of New South Wales Aborigines, including members of the Illawarra and Shoalhaven tribes. See also C. Rodius (1834) and W.H. Fernyhough (1836). Reference: Buscombe (1978), Kerr (1992).
1. Punch, Wife of Cullabaa Broken Bay Tribe 1840
Zincograph 29.2 x 21.2 NLA NK708
2. Bill Worrall
Lithograph 29.2 x 22.6 NLA NK708. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p242.1.
3. Johnny Crook. Nat. Name Janenbius. The Illawarra
W/C 28.1 x 21.1 DG P2/18. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p242.1.
4. Johnny Crook. Native Name "Yunbai". From Illawarra
Lithograph 24.9 x 19.6 NLA NK9675. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p242.1.
5. Marang. A Native of Kiama
Engraving 22.5 x 15.6 DL Pd61. Illustrated Buscombe, 1978, p239.1.
1840s
? William McArthur (1788-1864)
1. Doctor Ellis (?)
P Camden Park. This undated and untitled pencil sketch is possibly by William McArthur of Camden . It depicts his long-time Aboriginal friend Doctor Ellis, a doctor, guide, and informant regarding botanical specimens. Reference: M. Organ (unpub. mss 1990).
1840-44
Abraham Lincolne (1815-1884)
Abraham Lincolne arrived in Sydney on 30 January 1838 , and travelled to Illawarra in 1840 to take up a position as superintendent of the Woodstock Mills at Jamberoo. Between 1840-44 he lived at Jamberoo and produced a number of highly detailed pencil sketches of landscapes and properties in the area, including views of Kiama. In 1844 he was ruined by floods and left Illawarra, returning to England between 1848-49. Upon his return to Australia he farmed at Moonie Ponds and on the Campaspe River, Victoria. The listed pencil sketches are included in Lincolne's Australian Sketches album in the Mitchell Library. The majority of the works contain an accompanying descriptive text. References: ADB (1969), Mitchell Library, Kerr (1992).
1. Kiama - southern part of town
P ML C305
2. Halesworth, Illawarra, Co. Camden . 1 mile south of Kiama
P ML C305
3. View from Halesworth to the North
P ML C305
4. Fig Tree Farm Homestead , Jamberoo, Illawarra
P ML C305. Illustrated Henderson , 1983, p61, b/w.
5. Illawarra [Figtree and Cabbage palms by Lake Illawarra ]
P ML C305
6. Drue Walla, Illawarra
P ML C305
7. Wauch-Hope, Jamberoo, Illawarra
P ML C305
8. Blow Hole at Kiama
P ML C305
9. Kiama church
P ML C305. Illustrated Piggin, 1984, p72.
10. Mary, Five Islands Tribe, Illawarra
W/C ML C305
11. Minamurra, District of Illawarra
P ML C305. Illustrated Henderson , 1983, p109.
12. Kiama, Northern Part of Township
P ML C305. Illustrated Henderson , 1983, p124.
13. Figtree and Cabbage palms
P ML C305
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